“The Judgment” Franz Kafka
Austro-Czech short story writer, novelist, and
diarist.
INTRODUCTION
“The Judgment” is perceived as one of Kafka's more important
and autobiographical works. Written in 1912, this short story was initially
published in Max Brod's magazine, Arkadia, the following year. Many
critics view the story as a depiction of the tension between the isolation and
alienation of the modern artist and the demands of family and societal
expectations.
Plot and Major Characters
“The Judgment” opens with the protagonist of the story, Georg
Bendemann, sitting at an open window and writing a letter to an unnamed friend
living in Russia .
He debates whether he should apprise his friend about his engagement to a woman
named Frieda. He decides to tell him, and also informs his friend that he has
taken over his father's business. After composing the letter, Bendemann checks
on his father, who lives in the room across the hall. He discusses the letter
with his father. A formidable man even in his enfeebled state, his father
accuses him of fabricating the existence of his friend. The old man then
changes his tactics, indicating that he has been in touch with the friend and
finds him to be a better man than Georg. Furthermore, he questions the honor of
Georg's fiancée, and accuses his son of having premarital relations.
Intimidated and yet irritated by his father's words, Georg utters a remark that
his father interprets as a patricidal wish; the old man immediately accuses his
son of duplicity and homicidal desires. He sentences his son to death, telling
him to go drown himself. In a dreamlike state, Georg walks down to the river
and jumps from a bridge, supposedly to his death.
Major Themes
“The
Judgment” explores several recurring themes in Kafka's work: death, art,
isolation, futility, personal failure, and the difficulty of father-son
relationships. Like Georg Bendemann, Kafka was plagued by the discord between
his vocation and his literary ambitions, as well as by his own ambivalence
about marriage, which he believed offered the greatest happiness, but which he
feared would stifle his creativity. Some biographers consider his relationship
with Felice Bauer, to whom he was engaged twice but never married, the catalyst
to a fertile period of literary production that began with “The Judgment.”
These thematic concerns are central to the story and to Kafka's work in
general. Several commentators have noted the Oedipal rivalry between
protagonist George and his father and the illogical, dreamlike atmosphere of
the story. Georg's friend in Russia ,
who has exiled himself in order to write, is seen to represent Kafka's artistic
side, while Georg symbolizes the Kafka who desires domesticity. Many
commentators perceive the story as a comment on Jews and assimilation in the early
twentieth century.
Critical Reception
Many
critics cite “The Judgment” as Kafka's “breakthrough” story, the one that
established his central thematic preoccupation: the conflict between father and
son that produces guilt in the younger character and is ultimately reconciled
through suffering and expiation. Scholars have discussed this theme at great
length, and much critical commentary has focused on parallels between “The
Judgment” and Kafka's life. Although the story has elicited various critical interpretations,
Kafka characterized his fiction as symbolic manifestations of his “dreamlike
inner life” in which he attempted to reconcile feelings of guilt and
insecurity. For many critics, Kafka's greatness resides in his ability to
transform his private torment into fables of universal appeal.
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